History Of St. Joseph Academy Of Valenzuela Essay

In Everythingthere is a beginning and a time for every purpose under the heaven SJAV was founded at the right time and place with heavenly purpose. Sometime in a year of our Lord in nineteen hundred eighty six, a hardworking businessman met a very tragic experience that almost cost his life; without the timely assistance of what percieved as â€Å"Little Angels†. It all started with an unforgettable robbery on june 12, 1986 around 10:00 in the evening at the grocery store Karuhatan Market owned by a generous man named Damaso D. Lopez in which he suffered from a two gun shots wounds in his body and was brought to the hospital. On the way to the hospital he knew that it was just a time for him to take a litle rest after all those untiring work to earn a living. Physicians and surgeons did their very best and done seven operations to save the life of hepless man, and was clinically dead for several seconds on his last operations. But soon he was awakened by the images of the young children wearing white clothes that made him decide and promised to put up a school as soon as he recovered because he believed that it was the sign of his mission here on earth. On that moment of his helplessness, he was with his brother reading the bible from the book of John 12:47 â€Å" I came to save the world and not to condemn.† As he spent more days in the hospital, he noticed another miracle wherein three out of six dried roses in a vase where suddenly starting to bloom and turned into fresh rose while the others remained dry. Similarly the almost dried gladiola flowers from Baguio City which was offered to the grotto of Mt. Carmel, when brought to the hospital bloomed on the very same day of his recovery. Mr. Lopez was in a state of temporary amnesia, when his 6-yr old Daughter Nina visited him at the hospital wearing her school uniform. This prompted him to inquire where she was studying. The child answered that she was under the tutelage of Mrs. Yolanda C. Politico. Thus, his convlescence stage, he invited Mrs. Politico to discuss the feasibility of establishing a school believing that it was the way of giving back all the goodness and blessings God has bestowed upon him. In 1987, with the assistance of Mrs. Politico, he established a Daycare Center using a two-storey Bodega-garage where SJAV is now located. She hired another teacher to start the 1st Batch of more or less 50(fifty) pupils. At The present, the School President together with the help of principal of High School And Grade School Department are serving their very best with the help of the other administrative officials, teacher and non-teaching personnel, in attending to spiritual and educational needs of the students.. In Everythingthere is a beginning and a time for every purpose under the heaven SJAV was founded at the right time and place with heavenly purpose. Sometime in a year of our Lord in nineteen hundred eighty six, a hardworking businessman met a very tragic experience that almost cost his life; without the timely assistance of what percieved as â€Å"Little Angels†. It all started with an unforgettable robbery on june 12, 1986 around 10:00 in the evening at the grocery store Karuhatan Market owned by a generous man named Damaso D. Lopez in which he suffered from a two gun shots wounds in his body and was brought to the hospital. On the way to the hospital he knew that it was just a time for him to take a litle rest after all those untiring work to earn a living. Physicians and surgeons did their very best and done seven operations to save the life of hepless man, and was clinically dead for several seconds on his last operations. But soon he was awakened by the images of the young children wearing white clothes that made him decide and promised to put up a school as soon as he recovered because he believed that it was the sign of his mission here on earth. On that moment of his helplessness, he was with his brother reading the bible from the book of John 12:47 â€Å" I came to save the world and not to condemn.† As he spent more days in the hospital, he noticed another miracle wherein three out of six dried roses in a vase where suddenly starting to bloom and turned into fresh rose while the others remained dry. Similarly the almost dried gladiola flowers from Baguio City which was offered to the grotto of Mt. Carmel, when brought to the hospital bloomed on the very same day of his recovery. Mr. Lopez was in a state of temporary amnesia, when his 6-yr old Daughter Nina visited him at the hospital wearing her school uniform. This prompted him to inquire where she was studying. The child answered that she was under the tutelage of Mrs. Yolanda C. Politico. Thus, his convlescence stage, he invited Mrs. Politico to discuss the feasibility of establishing a school believing that it was the way of giving back all the goodness and blessings God has bestowed upon him. In 1987, with the assistance of Mrs. Politico, he established a Daycare Center using a two-storey Bodega-garage where SJAV is now located. She hired another teacher to start the 1st Batch of more or less 50(fifty) pupils. At The present, the School President together with the help of principal of High School And Grade School Department are serving their very best with the help of the other administrative officials, teacher and non-teaching personnel, in attending to spiritual and educational needs of the students.. Questions: 1.How much the Tuition Fee? > 2.What date that the School has been established? > 3.How many Elementary Teachers have been working? > 4.How many High School Teachers have been working? > 5.How many Students in every Class rooms? > 6.Is your School is supported by the Government? > 7.How many subjects in a day? > 8.What is The Major Subjects?

Computer Gaming Addiction Essay

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Computer Gaming Addiction is a modern problem in maritime high school students nowadays. It is a challenging part to the teachers to let students stay focused in their everyday lessons. It greatly affects the mental health of every student who is involved in this kind of activity. Computer Gaming Addiction by nature is the irresistible addiction and abusive use of computer for gaming purposes and sometimes even resulting to harmful effects to the part of the user. The person who is involved in this kind of activity can’t control the urge in playing computer games. By being addicted to computer games is like being addicted to drugs, alcohol, or gambling which resulted in academic failure. Apparently, computer gaming addiction has spread throughout the world, including Philippines. Several cases of computer gaming addiction were already recorded in the country and most of the addicted individuals, sadly, comes mostly from the high school category and usually are subjected to academic failure and cutting of classes. Sometimes, gaming addicts even go to as far as spending all their allowance just to satisfy their desire in playing computer games. It is a demanding part for the teachers and mostly to the parents of the student who is engaged in this kind of activity because they are doing their best in letting their child walk in the right path, but it is somewhat sad to note, that this addiction is disturbing millions of Filipinos and their families in every feature of their life. The main areas affected include school, family and relationships. Definition of terms Computer -is a programmable machine designed to   automatically carry out a sequence of   arithmetic or logical operations. The   particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to   solve more than one kind of problem. Gaming -is the practice of playing computer games or   role playing games. The act of playing for stakes in the hope of winning. Addiction -has been defined as physical and/or Psychological dependence on psychoactive substances which cross the blood-brain barrier once ingested, temporarily altering the chemical milieu of the brain. Addiction can also be viewed as a continued involvement with a substance or activity despite the negative consequences associated with it. Maritime, relating to the sea, shipping, sailing in ships   or living and working at sea. High School – is the upper secondary school. Students – are someone who studies at a school, college or in a university. Social isolation is the act of withdrawing from society in   general. There is usually not much interaction with other people, illnesses and phobias are major factors in social isolation. Social Isolation can contribute toward many emotional, behavioral and physical disorders including: heightened anxiety, panic attacks, eating disorders, addictions, substance abuse, violent behavior and overall disease. Habit -is an action or pattern of behavior that is repeated so often that it becomes typical of somebody, although he or she may be unaware of it. Family, basic social group united through bonds of kinship or marriage, present in all societies. Ideally, the family provides its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization. The structure of the family and the needs that the family fulfills vary from society to society. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE COMPUTER GAMING ADDICTION Computer game addiction is a worrying aspect of the modern-day technologically able youth. Many children spend hours a day on computers, so much so that computers have become a primary source of entertainment for them, as well as a convenient baby-sitter. Many young people suffering from shyness also risk becoming addicted to computers. Success with computers provides them with the self-confidence they lack in their personal lives. Shy youngsters who take refuge in the computer may fail to learn and practice important social skills needed later in life. If history is an accurate gauge, computer games will continue to follow societal trends in the 21st century. One dominant theme in the modern world is the rapid spread of technology, which is having a great impact on children’s toys and computer games. The great strides in computer chip technology over the last several decades have made electronic games and toys more powerful and affordable every year. These famous computer games are not only popular with children but also with millions of teenagers and adults, which greatly increases their reach and overall popularity. Total annual sales of home video game systems—such as Nintendo GameCube and Game Boy, Sony PlayStation, and Microsoft Xbox—and related software passed $10 billion in the first few years of the 21st century in the United States, and the industry continues to expand. At the same time, some child-development experts and parents fear that the long hours spent playing video and computer games can hamper children’s social skills, discourage more imaginative play, and—in the case of more explicit games—promote violence. The Effects of Computer Games Addiction Putting the Real World Aside Computer games addiction has no physical component or objective diagnosis, but many of the consequences are similar to alcoholism or drug addiction. Some addicts allow jobs, relationships and academic careers to languish or collapse in order to spend more time playing their favorite games. Gamers who become entrenched in excessive daily gaming routines can find it difficult to make room for much else in life. Social Isolation Computer games addicts tend to isolate themselves from normal, face-to-face human contact. Some of the most addictive games are found online, where the player competes and cooperate with others around the world. These online relationships online can eventually crowd out more intimate, real-life ones. The Financial Drain The sheer amount of time many addicts spend playing—100 hours a week or more, in some cases—inevitably leads to decreased job or academic performance. Late nights and days spent obsessing over the game make the addict unable to perform as well as he would be able to otherwise. Some gamers spend real money on virtual products to make their characters more powerful or distinctive, reducing the money available for necessities. Impact on Family Aside from academic obligations, children and young people have relatively few responsibilities to shirk by playing games. When an adult with dependents becomes addicted to computer games, however, the addiction can shatter a family. Game obsession takes away from time spent with family, which can lead to neglect of children and weakening of marriage bonds. Habits Computer games addiction describes an ingrained set of habits rather than a true addiction. It can be concomitant with depression or mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder or borderline personality disorder. Therapy, treatment programs and/or medication for the underlying disorder can be helpful. The earlier treatment is sought, the greater the chance it will be successful. ADVANTAGES Computer game playing may have several advantages. Proficiency in video games can develop the self-esteem of the player. It can develop eye-hand coordination, and can have other educational features. More sophisticated games can help players to develop other skills, and recent developments have built in aspects of physical exercise — although this may have limited appeal to gamers. The reality of popular culture is that we are more and more dependent on technology. A generation ago, computers were complicated and difficult to use, but modern computers are more user-friendly, and are relatively easy and enjoyable for the majority of people to use. Video games allow people to have positive experiences of using computers that can provide transferable skills for using computers for a variety of purposes. Bearing in mind the potential positive effects of video game playing, to label the activity an addiction without sufficient evidence and interpretive guidelines about what constitutes addiction could deter many children and their parents who could possibly benefit from video games. There is wide variation in video games, and although some appear to have harmful effects, particularly through the promotion of violence and other anti-social behaviors, this is a function of the content of specific games, rather than a characteristic of video games. Video games as a medium have equal potential to develop positive social skills, or to provide benign forms of entertainment — although these may not be as easily marketable to kids. Concern to Computer Addicts It’s a tough habit to kick. It’s not like you can just stop using the computer altogether. You need it for school and to stay in touch with your friends. If you’re a gamer, most of your friends may also be gamers, meaning that you would not have anyone to hang out with if you stopped playing completely. One of the primary concerns with violence in video games is that gaming is not passive. In order to play and win, the player has to be the aggressor. Rather than watching violence, as he might do on television, he’s committing the violent acts. Most researchers acknowledge that this kind of active participation affects a person’s thought patterns, at least in the short term. REFERENCES Encarta Dictionaries Microsoft Student with Encarta Premium 2008 DVD http://www.ehow.com/about_5377629_effects-computer-games-addiction.html http://addictions.about.com/od/videogameaddiction/i/is_gaming_addiction_real_2.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_social_isolation http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gaming http://www.video-game-addiction.org |

Phosphine gas general info

Health Cl Extremely flammable Cl Very toxic by inhalation: syrnptoms usually occur within a few hours of exposure D Phosphine is irritating to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, throat and espiratory tract 0 Inhalation may result in weakness, chest tightness and pain, dry mouth, cough, sickness, vomiting, diarrhoea, chills, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, ataxia, confusion and lung damage. These symptoms may develop 2-3 days after exposure 0 Severe poisoning may result in increased heart rate, low blood pressure, convulsions, coma, heart damage and death.These symptoms usually within 4 days but may be delayed up to 1-2 weeks C] Exposure to the eyes or skin may cause Irritation 0 Long-term exposure may cause anaemla, bronchltls, gastrointestinal disorders, peech and motor problems, toothache, weakness, weight loss, swelling and damage of the jaw bone and spontaneous fractures 0 Phosphine has not been associated with cancer 0 Phosphine is not likely to cause reproductive or dev elopmental effects Environment 0 Dangerous for the Environment 0 Inform Environment Agency of substantial release incidents Prepared by L Assem & M Takamiya Institute of Environment and Health Cranfield University 2007 Version 1 Background Phosphine is a colourless gas, which is slightly heavier than air.It usually smells of garlic or rotting fish due to the presence of ontaminants but pure phosphine is odourless. is extremely flammable and highly reactive with air, copper and copper-containing alloys. exposed to higher levels of phosphine, although occupational incidents involving exposure to phosphine are rare, and safety levels are in place to protect employees. Phosphine is rarely found in nature. Small amounts can be formed during the breakdown of organic matter, although it is rapidly degraded. Phosphine is released into the air via emissions from various manufacturing processes and from the use of metal (magnesium, aluminium and zinc) phosphide umigants and pesticides, which release phosphine on contact with water or acid.The major uses of phosphine are as a fumigant during the storage of agricultural products such as nuts, seeds, grains, coffee and tobacco, and in the manufacture of semi-conductors. Phosphine is also used in the production of some chemicals and metal alloys and is an unintentional by-product in the illegal manufacture of the drug methamphetamine. Inhalation is the most likely route of exposure to phosphine, although ingestion of metal phosphides may also occur. Symptoms are non-specific and include irritation of the espiratory tract, headaches, dizziness, abdominal pain, sickness, and vomiting. convulsions, damage to the lungs, heart, liver and kidney, and death. Long-lasting effects of single dose exposure are unlikely, most symptoms clearing within a month.Long-term exposure to phosphine, while unlikely to occur, can cause bronchitis, gastrointestinal, visual, speech and motor problems, toothache, swelling of the Jaw, anaemia and spo ntaneous fractures. Children exposed to phosphine will have the same symptoms of poisoning as adults. Phosphine is not likely to cause harm to the nborn child as acute effects are not known to cause developmental effects. Phosphine is rapidly broken down in the environment and it is very unlikely that the general population will be exposed to sufficient levels of phosphine to cause health effects. However, people may be exposed to very small amounts of phosphine present in air, food and water. Phosphine has not been associated with cancer and has not reviewed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.Workers employed as fumigators, pestcontrol operators, transport workers and those involved in the production or use of hosphine and metal phosphides (welding, metallurgy, semi-conductors), may be General information: Page 2 of 5 PHOSPHINE – GENERAL INFORMATION Production and Uses Phosphine is present in emissions from some industrial processes such as the manufacture of some chemicals and metal alloys of metal phosphides) and as a catalyst and in the production of polymers The main uses of phosphine are as a chemical dopant in the manufacture of semiconductors for the electronics industry, and in the fumigation (in the form of metal phosphides) of stored agricultural products such as cereal grains and tobacco. Phosphine is also used as a condensation catalyst and in the manufacture of some polymers. Zinc phosphide is used as a rodenticide in the form of a pellet or as a paste mixed with food. Small amounts of phosphine are produced in the production of chemicals such as phosphonium halide and acetylene gas. General information: Page 3 of 5 Frequently Asked Questions What is phosphine? Phosphine is a colourless gas which is highly flammable and explosive in air.Pure phosphine is odourless, although most commercially available grades have the odour of garlic or decaying fish. Small amounts of phosphine can occur naturally, formed uring the anaerobic degradation of organic matter. Phosphine is corrosive towards metals, in particular copper and copper-containing alloys. What is phosphine used for? A major use of phosphine is as a semi-conductor doping agent by the electronics industry. Metal (aluminium, magnesium and zinc) phosphides, which release phosphine on contact with moisture and acid, are used as rodenticides and fumigates during storage of agricultural commodities such as grain e. g. cereals, and tobacco. Phosphine is also used as a catalyst and in the production of polymers.How does phosphine get into the environment? Small amounts of phosphine occur naturally during the decomposition of phosphorouscontaining organic matter e. g. in marsh gas. Emissions and effluents from the manufacture of some chemicals and metal alloys, as well the production or use of phosphine and metal phosphides (welding, metallurgy, semi-conductors, rodenticides and fumigants), release phosphine into the air. How will I be exposed to phosphine? It is unlikely that the general population will be exposed to significant amounts of phosphine, since it is degraded quickly in the environment; the half-life of phosphine in the air is about one day or less.However, people may be exposed to very small amounts by inhaling air, drinking water and eating food containing phosphine. Workers involved with industries and processes where phosphine is used, e. g. fumigation and pest control, may be exposed to higher levels of phosphine. People living nearby sites where phosphine is being used may also be exposed to small amounts of phosphine in the air. Phosphine gas does not present a risk of secondary contamination, although solid phosphides may pose some risk. Absorption though the skin is not considered a significant route of exposure. If there is phosphine in the nvironment does not always lead to exposure. Clearly, in order for phosphine to cause any adverse health effects you must come into contact with it.You may be exposed by brea thing, eating, or drinking the substance or by skin contact. Following exposure to any chemical, the adverse health effects you may encounter depend on several factors, including the amount to which you are exposed (dose), the way you are exposed, the duration of exposure, the form of the chemical and if you are exposed to any other chemicals. Exposure to phosphine or metal phosphides can be irritating to the respiratory tract nd can cause weakness, chest pain and tightness, dry mouth, cough, sickness, vomiting, diarrhoea, chills, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, ataxia and confusion. Severe cases may lead to lung damage, convulsions, damage to the heart, liver and kidney, and death.General information: Page 4 of 5 Long-term exposure to low levels of phosphine can cause anaemia, bronchitis, gastrointestinal problems, visual, speech and motor problems, toothache, swelling of the Jaw and spontaneous fractures. Can phosphine cause cancer? The Governmental Committee on Mutagenicity rec ently reviewed the available data n carcinogenicity of phosphine and concluded that it did not cause cancer in animal studies. Phosphine has not been reviewed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (‘ARC), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) considers phosphine as not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity, due to inadequate animal studies and a lack of human tumour data. Does phosphine affect children or damage the unborn child?Children who ingest metal phosphides or inhale phosphine gas are expected to have similar symptoms as adults, e. g. sickness, vomiting, headache, dizziness, in severe ases leading to damage to the lungs, heart, liver and kidney and death. There is no evidence to suggest that maternal exposure to phosphine affects the health of the unborn child. What should I do if I am exposed to phosphine? It is very unlikely that the general population will be exposed to a level of phosphine high enough to cause adverse health effects. T his document from the HPA Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards reflects understanding and evaluation of the current scientific evidence as presented and referenced in this document.

Case study aristotle Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aristotle - Case Study Example He does not have much patience for theory for its own sake and neither do I. In my own life I try to ask the question, â€Å"Will it work in practice?† or â€Å"How do I do this?† I am much less interested in what is theoretically good or bad, and when I read Aristotle I see that he was similarly interested in the practical side of ethics rather than the theoretical side of things. In the world we live in so much of ethical thinking and philosophy is incredibly theoretical. Doctrines are written by academics who seem to have never left their ivory towers. They talk about symbols and dreams—but almost never about real people and real world concerns. They always describe an ideal world or a person they call the â€Å"Rational man.† In my own experience the world is not ordered in such a way that it can be useful to study exclusively theory. When we think of ethics, such an important part of our day to day lives, we don’t have time for theory. We need to know how to be good. Learning why we should be good, or what goodness truly means, or if goodness actually exists independently from any of us is much less important. With those who identify happiness with virtue or some one virtue our account is in harmony; for to virtue belongs virtuous activity. But it makes, perhaps, no small difference whether we place the chief good in possession or in use, in state of mind or in activity. For the state of mind may exist without producing any good result, as in a man who is asleep or in some other way quite inactive, but the activity cannot; for one who has the activity will of necessity be acting, and acting well. And as in the Olympic Games it is not the most beautiful and the strongest that are crowned but those who compete (for it is some of these that are victorious), so those who act win, and rightly win, the noble and good things in life. It is possible to think deep thoughts about what is goodness and do nothing that is good.

Question 1 (75 marks) Last month, four friends, Rachel, Monica, Essay

Question 1 (75 marks) Last month, four friends, Rachel, Monica, Phoebe, and Joey acquired the freehold estate to Central Farm fr - Essay Example Moreover, in any contract for the sale of freehold land, there is a presumption that the contract will automatically include everything which legally constitutes â€Å"land†4. Accordingly, whether or not Barry was entitled to remove the sign depends on whether the sign can validly constitute land or whether it constituted a chattel, which doesn’t fall within the scope of â€Å"land†5. The classic definition of a fixture is anything which is physically (but not necessarily legally) removable and makes a permanent improvement to the land6. Conversely, a chattel is an item brought onto the land, which doesn’t become part of the land7. The general rule regarding fixtures is that whatever is attached to the soil becomes part of the soil8. In determining whether the sign is fixture or a chattel, it will be necessary to apply the two factual tests as extrapolated by Blackburn J in the case of Holland v Hodgson9, namely the degree of annexation test and the purpos e of annexation test. The degree of annexation test requires that the object be fastened to or connected with the land in some way for there to be a presumption that it is a fixture10. For example, in the case of Hamp v Bygrave11 it was held that patio lights that were attached to the wall of the house were fixtures. Moreover, if an object is not fixed, but merely rests on its own weight, there will be a presumption that it is a chattel12. If we apply this by analogy to the current scenario, the sign had hung from a post, which if resting on its own weight will lead to a presumption of it being a chattel. However, the presumption can be rebutted on the basis of the purpose of the annexation test. In the case of Elitestone Limited v Morris13 Lord Clyde asserted that this test involved a consideration of â€Å"the purpose which the object is serving and not the purpose of the person who put it there14†. As such, the test is objective and is concerned with the intention of the p erson who put the object on the land. It further requires the overriding purpose of the object being the enhancement and enjoyment of the land to make a permanent improvement to the land, in order for it to be a fixture15. If we apply this by analogy to the current scenario, we are not aware of the terms of the contract of sale between Barry, Rachel, Monica, Joey and Phoebe. If the contract expressly provided that the sign would remain as part of the land as a condition of sale, then removal by Barry will be in breach of contract. Alternatively, if the sign is part of the land, Barry did not have a right to remove it and Rachel, Monica, Phoebe and Joey would be able to request a return of the sign16. However, if the sign rests on its own weight, then the parties will have to rebut the presumption by demonstrating that the sign was intended to enhance the enjoyment of the land. If this can be established, the sign will form part of the land and the parties will be able to recover the sign from Barry. 2) Whether Alan is entitled to remain in Unit 2. The extent to which Alan’s rights are enforceable will depend on the nature of his rights and the enforceability of interests under the Land Registration Act 2002. If we firstly consider the factual scenario, Alan argues that he has been using Unit 2 since 2007 and pays a yearly â€Å"occupation fee†. This creates a degree of ambiguity as to whether his alleged right to use the property constitutes a licence or a lease. If the

Concert Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concert Review - Essay Example With her live performance of Are You Alright?, Mama You Sweet, Unsuffer Me, Learning How To Live, Come On, Wrap My Head Around That, and Fancy Funeral, I could essentially point out suitable comparisons with Kath Bloom, Carole King, Courtney Love, and Kenia somewhere along the quality, tempo, and Lucinda's way with her vocals. Coming from a background chiefly resigned with rhythm and blues, punk, and some influence of modern jazz, at first it seemed like I was drawing a blank and couldn't grasp or make sense of the objective and persuasion that go with her type of music. Eventually, as I got myself to sincerely pay attention to the substance and its rhythm, I began to feel psychologically seduced to perceive how sensible it could get in relation to my own genre and environment of artistic inclinations. In the middle of the concert, I could say that I had yielded to an 'acquired taste' of her rare lyrical creation with which to ride along spontaneously. For a moment, while getting mod erately moved at my seat some five meters from the overwhelmed stage, I was seriously enamored to anticipate every detail following the course of Williams' singing â€Å"Unsuffer Me.† The justice done to this song conspicuously surpassed critical expectations based upon the delighted response I and the rest of the audience could not help expressing as if we were suddenly struck by an excruciating but meaningful realization of life. To me, it mostly came as a surprising attempt of reconstructing creativity with literary ballad that makes one suppose it can be patterned from the style in Annie Lennox, Dido or Alanis Morissette's music to converge with an amount of solemnity Sarah Maclachlan is known for. Through her genius instrumental arrangement and choice of words and theme altogether, Lucinda managed to take me to the track of recognizing poetry in the social dimension of the song's content beyond rhythmic exertion. The figurative aspect of â€Å"Unsuffer Me† is some thing that can be attributed to Bob Dylan's rhetoric technique of putting across a warm and thoughtful mood with a mildly outrageous sentimental effect. In the majority of the aforementioned pieces played, there had been mixtures of country rock, ballad, and blues which sounded modern enough for perhaps a fraction of diverse culture in this age yet I feel they possess certain elements that are key to paying respect to the classical worth of their roots. L. Williams only had a few words to speak in between performances and her introduction of each song was so reserved that it was adequately justified by her light yet intellectually aggressive performance. As she strove to fulfill the concert's aim of marketing the essence of West, it makes me wonder who among the contemporary artists under her category and influence would carry on the legacy or be challenged to at least enhance potentials by innovating to achieve the level of significance and quality Lucinda devotes for her compositi on to deserve as she sees fit. Hers is a kind of music which, in my understanding, does not instantly conform to being released without attaining the intended refinement of every consideration by the musician-artist. Williams' original composition in her West album I think is

Job Evaluation. Whole foods Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Job Evaluation. Whole foods - Case Study Example Evaluation is not an easy task; instead it involves various sub tasks which compose the entire job of operating on a particular principle. Job evaluation is generally carried out on the basis of certain steps and predefined principles. These steps and procedures help the officials to carry out the evaluation procedure in an effective manner. The type of procedures used in job evaluation purely depends on the type of industry and the nature of work. The work load and the operations pertain to a particular industry and this differs from one industry to another. The type of work has gone through a change when compared to the past and the development in each industry has contributed to the expansion at a larger pace. Due to this factor, it becomes difficult for an organization to maintain the same old procedures in evaluating the jobs and analyzing the operations. Though job evaluation is an important concept in an organization, the way in which it is implemented plays a major role. The process of implementation involves several steps that define the operations to be executed while evaluating the particular work. The efficiency of work purely depends on the environment and the situation in which the particular work is carried out. ... Competition in this sort of environment is certainly difficult and the employees have to prove their mettle in order to improve and develop the organization. Job Evaluation at Whole Foods Each industry has a specific set of regulations based on which they perform their operations. These regulations are altered to suit the needs of the customers. Since change is inevitable, these organizations must incorporate new ideologies and policies to have an edge over the other similar organizations. This can be achieved only if they follow a set of predefined procedures to perform job evaluation. When compared to the other industries, food industry is the one that is more prone to problems. Since people have a direct contact with the workers of the food industry, it is important for them to evaluate and analyze their job at regular intervals. (Milkovich & Newman, 2008). This will ensure that the customers are satisfied and it will also enable the officials to know about their expectations. The Whole Foods market is one among the popular food markets and it is one of the most sought after markets in the city. Whole Foods has already completed the process of job analysis and the job descriptions have also been presented. As a consultant I would suggest them to prepare a job structure which is purely based on the description of job. Job evaluation is generally done based on the job description. The job structure can be designed by inspecting the type of work and the operations involved in the particular job. The job structure includes the job titles and the job description. Job evaluation is done by defining and checking the operations involved in each and every job. Job Structure As given in the case study, each job is analyzed and

BRITISH STUDIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BRITISH STUDIES - Essay Example There are many benefits to being a part of this great institution, and a revamping of the marriage law could be an asset in the improvement of our culture, economy and health. Whereas it can be argued that many aspects of society are required to evolve and grow with the times, the rate and extent to which marriage is able to do this is of the utmost importance as it is one of the most basic traditions and helps to establish one of the most fundamental aspects of modern society. As a function of seeking to understanding and define this institution in the light of the current era, with regards to how much or how little the institution of marriage has been able to evolve with the times, it will be the hope of this author that such an analysis will be capable of presenting a functioning and well argued piece of research into this topic so that the reader might come to a more informed understanding of societal evolution and growth with regards to this most fundamental of traditional socie tal demarcations. As with many traditions and cultural understandings, there can be no denying that the culture of marriage has changed. The cozy imagery of the perfect marriage, as exhibited by the now-comical television shows of the early 1960s and late 1950s have long since faded from memory (Dommaraju, 2009). Fairy tales with stories of love- ever- after were, and to a large part still are, what children are raised on. Within the not so distant past, little girls dreamed of the knight in shining armor, or being brought back to life by a simple kiss from a Prince. When the movie, â€Å"Love Story†, first appeared society was still extremely absorbed in a marriage culture that encouraged and supported getting and staying married until the end of one’s days (Fortunato & Archetti, 2010). Within a few years, the womens movement, the pill, the

Employee relations and engagement Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Employee relations and engagement - Coursework Example For a better evaluation of the subject matter, the study intends to analyze the strategies related to employee relations and engagement existing in the renowned pharmaceutical company Boots, located in the U.K. The modern business environment is laden with much complicity from the perspective of employee management. Globalization of business activities and interaction of human resource from various nations further complicates the approaches which managers are required to undertake for efficiently managing employees. Employee relations (ER) have therefore evolved as an important criterion so that employee productivity can be maintained. Employee relations are generally objected towards developing strategies which reduce employee issues, enhance morale and encourage good communication between superiors and subordinates. Such relations also aid towards ensuring that employees are retained within the firm for a longer durations. Often human resource managers engage themselves in developing strategies which facilitate developing successful employee relations. In many large firms, ER is often perceived as the process through which employees can be given information regarding long term objectives and policies of the firm. Employees are advised and guided in respect of their performance and conduct through such relations. Employee engagement (EE) is essentially the process of making the workforce of an organization to remain completely dedicated towards performance of duties. When employees are completely dedicated towards execution of tasks, there remains less extra time to focus upon other aspects such as gossiping or creating issues. The practice of EE is mostly undertaken so that employees are at all times productive. However if firms exert too much pressure upon employees it tends to impact organizational productivity negatively. EE is required to be implemented in an organization so as to enhance

OPower Essay Example for Free

OPower Essay Answer the following questions that are based on the article reading below. Keep your responses to 1-2 paragraphs (150-300 words) per question. Posts must be clear and concise, and must address the questions being asked. You must also respond to at least one of yourpeers Discussion Questions: Even though Laskey and Yates are of the opinion that OPower has been extremely successful in the years since its inception, they also believe that the behavioral science-based approach could produce even better results. They also feel that they needed to work on convincing more regulators to adopt this new version of behavioral energy efficiency. 1. What changes could they make to drive more positive results? Laskey and Yates have done an outstanding job with a marvelous business model idea. This business model definitely has the Win, Win, characteristics; OPower, the consumer and the environment all win. The behavioral science strategy of a little competition with the neighbor and a little fear of judgment is obviously working well. However, OPower could rise the level of competition to a different level by rewarding the biggest saver in a designated area. This could be done by announcing the winner in everyone’s bill in that area, and reducing his next month electrical rate to a lower rate. In other words, the less a consumer consumes the less is the charge per unit cost. This competition level could be raised, to city level or even state level. Such incentives could help Laskey and Yates achieve the 5% energy use reduction. 2. Were there other things they could do to have an impact on energy uses—or on the environment more fundamentally? Information-based energy management is one of the most exciting innovations in the utility industry. Behavioral science and targeted, multi-channel communications make it possible to stimulate utility customers on a large scale, leading to increased engagement and sustained energy savings. However, there is more that can to be done to reduce our negative environmental impact. OPower model only stimulates consumer for less energy consumption. It does not create incentives to use sustainable energy. I believe that any problem can be most effectively solved when prevented rather that cured. If we were using sustainable, renewable, and cleaner resources rather than non-renewable, highly dangerous and, polluting resource to create energy, it would be a better solution. OPower could generate a study and show the impact difference in coil generated electricity versus so lar generated electricity to promote cleaner electricity producing resources. 3. What could they do to more quickly move state governments to approve their program?  The OPower program has already received our current Presidential recognition. This is a huge leverage to influence other State representatives to recognize the impact the energy saving could have at a state level. The company representatives could use the President’s endorsement as a leader’s opinion, and lobby their services to influence other possible leaders such as governors and presidents of other countries. I also like the idea of Opower to provide their services to bigger consumers. It obviously would show greater energy reduction if the consumer is larger user of energy. It would also be a great way to market their service, because the corporation using OPower could let their customers know that they are using less energy by utilizing OPower services.

Why performance appraisal is important

Why performance appraisal is important The aims of the performance appraisal are to provide the employees with the feedback on their performance. Performance appraisal also helps in identifying the training needs of the employees. The performance helps the organization provide the proper rewards and recognition to the deserving employees. It also provides the opportunity to the organization for the diagnosis and development. It also helps the organization to better the communication between the employees and the administration. (Thomas F. Patterson,1987). There are various methods that are employed to measure and evaluate the performance and appraise the employees. The appraisal system of the organization may have the common practice of measuring the performance of the organization in the form of the numerical or the scaling system. (Armstrong, Michael,2006). The managers are asked to assess the individuals on the scale on the various objectives and attributes. In many companies employees may receive the assessment from their peers, managers, subordinates and customers which is also known as the 360 degree performance appraisal. (Smit, Martin E.J.H.,2006). Tuckman and Oliver, 1968 : This study illustrate how feedback is the efficient tool which valued the most for crucial decision making process. Receiver will be benefit from the various people surrounding him by feedback system if the sources have ample of knowledge about task performance of the recipient. According to study conducted student versus supervisor feedback to teachers proved that students were more effective efficient to improve the performance of the teacher rather than the supervisor. In explanation the author says that teacher spend more time with the students rather than the supervisor. Along with that multiple feedback system correctly shows the potential of the person by reducing biasness or malice practice which is usually part of the corporate. Seniors or supervisor generally or constantly focus on the scope of the improvement, underestimating the achievement. DeNissi and Mitchell, 1978: According to him middle upper management spend a huge amount of time with their peers. Hence the peers have maximum opportunity to know about attributes, qualities rather than supervisor or the boss. Hence its more important who spend the maximum time as well as who observe the concern person in many different dimension of work behavior that persons opinion is quite important. Mintzberg (1973) : This literature review gives us details about how manager use the opinion of the staff, supervisor or peers as effective tool to evaluate or appraise of the employee which is completely unbiased in the nature. According his study middle level manager, peers and subordinates are more qualified to evaluate the performance rather than supervisor because the they have more information about the working style, working environment rather than the supervisor. It helps to enhance the supervisory behavior. Hegarty, 1973: Many experimental studies already proved that multiple feedback not only improve the supervisory quality but also brought transparency in the complete appraisal system. According to him top level people think that peers were at best position to evaluate the personal traits as well as personal achievement. Implementation of 360 degree employee assessment is fair practice which help to reduce the discrimination biasness help to motivate the the employee to perform better productive. Implementation of multiple feedback system helps to improve to qualities in individual level as well as professional level. Bernardin (1986) : Though peers subordinates were in the best position to evaluate the performance but major challenge is the problem of anonymity. Its very difficult to share the correct information about the peers with whom you have a good rapport. Hence some time the multiple feedback system become ineffective biased. The Essence and Functions of Performance Appraisal Systems by Newman, Warren McGiIl, 1987: Job performance evaluation is an integral part of an any organization. It is basically management decision to control the organizations which consist of the control standards, measurement, and corrective actions. Control Standard is the first foremost thing which based primarily upon the mission of the organization or individual short term goal of the every department. It indicates the crucial contribution of the performance appraisal system in the organization. Measurement which is a quantitative analysis or process depends upon many steps like appraisal criteria/ technique consist of the attributes or parameters, appraisal timing. The appraisal criteria are predefined by the organization which varies from organization to organization. The appraisal method or technique plays a crucial role in this process. Generally appraisal depends upon the performance of the candidate along with lot of qu alities like team skill, soft skill, analytical skill, domain knowledge and so forth. Feedback is most crucial essential part of the appraisal process which cannot ignore any time. Corrective measures are taken after feedback receive from the different sources. The appropriate corrective action should be taken to if there is any discrepancy between actual performance and performance standard. It not only a check guard for an employee to attain certain standard or level but also help to motivate the employee to perform better and productive manner. It built or reinforces trust among the team members or employees. According to this study it creates a value which help to motivate the employees to perform better. Ilgen, Barnes-Farrell, and McKellin (1993): According to authors four important aspects should be considered to appraise the performance of the individual, those are purpose of the performance appraisal, characteristics of the rates, nature of the scale used for the rating purpose and the impact of influence of this appraisal on the organization as whole. Chu (2002): Though his study compare performance appraisal system in two industries i.e. manufacturing and service industry but it widely applicable to all the industry. According to him comprehensive framework of the performance appraisal include six category which are purpose of appraisal, personnel whom to appraise, criteria or attribute for the appraisal, methods involve for that, appraisal timing, feedback of the appraisal. Cleveland, Murphy and Williams (1989): According his study there is a positive correlation exist between the organization characteristics and the performance appraisal. Organization culture and structure are two ingredients of the performance measurement system. When organization more leans towards to the decentralization, performance standard more concentrates towards the results, where organization is centralized one it more leans towards process of management functions. Jobber, Hooley Shipley (1993): According to them, a large organization and small organization adapt different methods for performance evaluation. Pre determined performance standards which are more formalized and quantitative in nature adopted by the large or multinational organization where as small organization generally follow qualitative and informal appraisal methods. According to this study, the performance appraisal system differ from industry type to industry type but still there is a relation between organization characteristics and function of performance appraisal system. Ouchi (1981): The study carried out the performance appraisal system in region wise rather than industry type wise. According to his study American organizations are more focused about individual performance, while Japanese organizations are more focused about group or team performance. 2.2 The Performance Appraisal Process Performance appraisal is planned, developed and implemented through a series of steps, Establish performance standards: Appraisal systems require performance standards, which serve as benchmarks against which performance is measured. To be useful, standards should relate to the desired results of each job. In situations pertaining to embarrassment, performance standards must be clear to both the appraiser and the appraisee. The performance standards or goals must be developed after a thorough analysis of the job. Goals must be written down. They must be measurable within certain time and cost considerations. Communicate the standards: performance appraisal involves at least two parties; the appraiser who does the appraisal and the appraisee whose performance is being evaluated. Both are expected to do certain things. The appraiser should prepare job description clearly; help the appriasee set his goals and targets; analyse results objectively; offer coaching and guidance to the appraisee whenever required and reward good results. The appraisee should be very clear about what he is doing and why he is doing it. For this purpose, performance standards must be communicated to appraisees and their reactions should be noted down right away. If necessary, these standards must be reviesed or modified. As pointed out by De Cenzo and Robbins, too many jobs have vague performance standards and the problem is compounded when these standards are set in isolation and do not involve the employee. Measure actual performance: After the performance standards are set and accepted, the next step is to measure actual performance. This requires the use of dependable performance measures, the ratings used to evaluate performance. Performance measures-to be helpful-must be easy to use, reliable, and report on the critical behaviours that determine performance. Four common sources of information which are generally used by managers regarding how to measure actual performance are personal observation, statistical reports, oral reports and written reports. Performance measures may be objective or subjective. Objective performance measures are indications of job performance that can be verified by others and are usually quantitative. Subjective performance measures are ratings that are based on the personal standards or opinions of those doing the evaluation, and are not verifiable by others. Subjective criteria include ratings by superiors, overall goals, and socio-cultural values of the environment. Compare actual performance with standards and discuss the appraisal: actual performance may be better than expected and sometimes it may go off the track. Whatever be the consequences, there is a way to communicate and discuss the final outcome. The assessment of another persons contribution and ability is not an easy task. It has serious emotional overtones as it affects the self-esteem of the appraisee. Any appraisal based o subjective criteria is likely to be questioned by the appraise and leave him quite dejected and unhappy when the appraisal turns out be negative. Taking corrective action, if necessary: Corrective action is of two types: one puts out the fires immediately, while the other destroys the root of the problem permanently. Immediate action sets things right and get things back on track whereas the basic corrective action gets to the source of deviations and seeks to adjust the difference permanently. Basic corrective steps seek to adjust the difference permanently. Basic corrective steps seek to find out how and why performance deviates. 2.3 CONFIDENTIAL SYSTEM AND OPEN SYSTEM OF APPRAISAL 2.3.1Confidential System In most of the organizations confidential reports are considered to be confidential documents. The individual is communicated if there are any adverse ratings or remarks in C.R for a particular year. Communication aspect does not work well in most of organizations due to reluctance on part of assessor to communicate to employee about what he thinks of him. The greatest advantage of the confidential system is that it fails to honor the right if the individual to be heard in matter in which he has very high stakes. 2.3.2Open System The open system suggests that all aspects of assessment should be processed with the full knowledge of assesses. This will help him to understand his deficiencies and he will be able to appreciate what the organization is doing for his development. Whatever system suits the organization depends on culture and social conditions of the organization. In times to come, the confidential system will gradually give the way to open system. The need for involving assesses in the process of appraisal can be seen from different angles. One is the need to allow participation by the employee in the process of evaluation. Another need is involving him in setting his goals or targets. Whether the individual should be given an opportunity for self-appraisal as part of reporting process or whether this opportunity should be given to him through an appraisal interview is matter of policy for an organization. What is that opportunity should be given to have a say as to what he himself thinks about his own performance. The chances of getting a good report or bad report are same, as there is no guarantee that the assessment reports would be written on basis of real performance. Often a reporting officer who wants to give a good report about a poor performer would Emphasize the potential aspect of the individual while a very potential may get an adverse report based on his performance. However, a person who is initially connected with day-to-day work of employee concerned should do performance appraisal. This immediate superior should have an important say in evaluating his performance. Self-appraisal should not form the sole basis for any final decision. Self-appraisal should only form part of a sound appraisal system. 2.4 METHODS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL The performance appraisal methods may be classified into two categories, namely the Traditional and Modern methods, TRADITIONAL METHODS MODERN METHODS Graphic Rating Scales 1. Behaviorally Anchored Ranking Method Rating Scales Paired Comparison Method 2. Assessment Centre Forced Distribution Method 3. Human Resource Accounting Checklist Method 4. Management by Objectives Critical Incident Method 5. 360 degrees appraisal Grading Method Forced Choice Method 2.4.1 TRADITIONAL METHODS Graphic Rating Scales method is a printed form which is used to evaluate the performance of the employee. A variety of traits may be used in these types of rating devices the most common being the quantity and quality of work. The rating scales can also be adapted by including traits that the company considers important for effectiveness on the job. From the graphic rating scales excerpts can be obtained about the performance standards of employees. The rating scale method is the most common method of evaluation of an employees performance today. The graphic rating scale may however, suffer from a long standing disadvantage, i.e., it may be arbitrary and the rating may be subjective. In Ranking Method: the ranking of an employee in a work group is done against that of another employee. The relative position of each employee is expressed in terms of his numerical rank. It may also be done by ranking a person on his job performance against another member of the competitive group. The quintessence of this method is that employees are ranked according to their relative levels of performance. While using this method, the evaluator is asked rate employees from highest to lowest on some overall criterion. Though it is relatively easier to rank the best and the worst employees, it is difficult to rank the average employees. Under Paired Comparison Method the appraiser ranks the employees by comparing on employee with all other employees in the group, one at a time. This method results in each employee being given a positive comparison total and a certain percentage of the total positive evaluation. Forced Distribution Method is developed to prevent the raters from rating too high or too low. Under this method, the rater after assigning the points to the Performance of each employee has to distribute his ratings in a pattern to confirm to frequency distribution. Check list Method consists of a list with a number if statements about the worker and his behavior. Each statement of this list is assigned value depending upon its importance. Both statements and their values are derived from preliminary research in which the pooled judgments of persons familiar with the job are used. No restrictions are put on the rater as to the number of statements he should mark. The workers final rating is taken as the average of the scale values of all statements that his superior has checked in rating him. Under Critical Incidents Method, the supervisor continuously records the critical incidents of the employee performance or behavior relating to all characters (both positive negative) in a specially designed notebook. The supervisor rates the performance of his subordinates on the basis of notes taken by him. Grading Method, this method certain well-defined grades are established in advance. Generally; three different grades are used i.e., out standing, satisfactory and unsatisfactory. Employee performance is compared with the defined grades and each employee is allotted a grade that best describes his/her performances. The main limitation of this method is that the rater may rate most of the employers on the higher side of their performance. Forced Choice Method, J.P Guilford developed this method. This method contains a series of statements and the rater rates how effectively a statement describes each Individual being evaluated. The main limitation of this method is that it takes a lot of time and effort to construct several evaluating statements. Under Group Appraisal Method, an employee is appraised by a group of appraisers. This group consists of the immediate supervisor of the employee, other supervisors who have close contact with the employees work, manager or head of the department and consultants. The head of the department or manager may be the chairman of the group and the immediate supervisor may act as the coordinator for the group activities. In Confidential Reports Method, superior appraises the performance of his subordinates based on his observations, judgments and intuitions. The superior keeps his judgment and report confidentially. 2.4.2MODERN METHODS Behaviorally Anchored Rating scales (BARS) method combines elements of the traditional rating scales and critical incidents methods. BARS are a sophisticated method of evaluating employee performance based on employee behavior rather than attitudes or assumptions about motivation or potential. BARS are numerical scale that is anchored by specific narrative example of behaviors that range from very negative to very positive descriptions of performance. BARS are difficult and time-consuming scale to develop. Each job must be analyzed and a list of critical incidents developed by the experts in the job. Once the critical incidents are developed, they are then scaled from effective to ineffective performance. The BARS technique offers high degree of inter rater reliability and objectivity because of its emphasis on behavior. In the Assessment Centre Method, individuals from various departments are brought together to spend two or three days working on an individual or group assignment similar to ones they would be handling when prompted. Observers rank the performance of each and every participant in order of merit. The Human Resource Accounting, deals with cost and contribution of human resources to the organization. Cost of human resources may be taken as standard. Employee performance can be measured in terms of employee contribution to the organization. This technique has developed and still it is in the transitory stage. The concept of Management by Objectives, requires the management to set specific, measurable goals with each employee and then periodically discuss the latters progress towards these goals. This technique emphasizes participatively set goals that are tangible, verifiable and measurable. MBO focuses attention on what must be accomplished rather than how it is to be accomplished. It is, thus a kind of goal setting and appraisal programme involving six steps: Set the organisations goals Set department goals Discuss departmental goals Define expected results Performance reviews Provide feedback Under 360 degrees Appraisal, The 360 degrees appraisal method was first developed and used by General Electric Company of USA in1992. Today, the Indian companies like Wipro corporations, Infosys, Reliance Industries follow this method. In this method, his superiors, subordinates, peers and customers with whom he interacts in the course of his performance appraise an employee. All these appraisers provide feedback on employee by completing survey questionnaire designed for this purpose. And then reports are prepared, and then presented to the employees being rated. 2.5 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS OF AN EFFECTIVE APPRAISAL SYSTEM Performance appraisal system should be effective as a number of crucial decisions are made on the basis of score or rating given by the appraiser, which in turn, is heavily based on the appraisal system. An effective appraisal system should possess the following essential characteristics: Reliability and validity Job relatedness Standardization Practical viability Training the appraisers Open communication Employee access to results 2.6 MULTI-SOURCE RATINGS IN TEAM PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Recent trends in organizational behavior and the structural changes of organizations have facilitated an increase in the use of teams (Fisher, Schoenfeldt, Shaw, 2003). As traditional bureaucratic hierarchies have been replaced by flatter structures, teams have become commonplace in most organizations (Cascio, 1998). As with individual performance appraisal, performance rating in team settings is complicated by a host of issues regarding the most appropriate method for measuring it, including the appropriateness of rating sources. Team performance appraisal is further complicated through working with others as a necessity for the successful completion of work. The performance dimensions relevant to team performance differ from the task-specific performance typically evaluated in individual performance appraisal. In general, interpersonal aspects of contextual performance become more relevant, if not necessary, for successful team performance (Levy Steelman, 1997). Most conceptualiz ations of team performance integrate contextual performance dimensions into formal appraisal. Across the literature, a lack of agreement exists regarding what the specific targets should be in team performance appraisal and how the ratings should be applied. Although the teams effectiveness is the ultimate goal, the performance of individuals and the team as a whole should be evaluated. Levy and Steelman (1997) argue that the traditional supervisor-rated methods of performance appraisal are not appropriate for team settings. Ratings should instead come from all sources in cases where they have adequate opportunity to observe the teams behaviors. Aside from opportunity to observe, the raters relationship with the team may influence his or her perspective; in other words, whether the rater is a team member, team supervisor, customer, etc. Regarding the effectiveness of each rating source, each has advantages and disadvantages. The criteria evaluated by the majority of the literature were inter-rater agreement, agreement with hard criteria, and rating acceptance. From the literature reviewed, the majority of research on rater effectiveness in team settings evaluates rater congruence. This may not even be an appropriate measure of effectiveness, since multi-source appraisal generally proposes that each source affords a unique perspective for evaluating the targets performance. Therefore, rating sources may not agree and still be accurate (Murphy Cleveland, 1995). Overall, the effectiveness of multi-source ratings in team performance appraisal has yet to be definitively answered through empirical research. Of the various theoretical models and empirical studies, one common area of agreement is that team performance should be appraised using multiple raters. Still, a lack of research exists regarding the effectiveness of each rating source. In general, the practice of team based performance appraisal has far outpaced empirical research (Jones, 1997). Research in the domain of team performance appraisal is filled with questions and characterized by a lack of agreement on many fronts. Overall, team performance management is a research area with a great demand for future development.

Role of Kidney in Osmoregulation

Role of Kidney in Osmoregulation Water is a vital molecule for the human body. Approximately 98% of the human body is made up of water. Human beings cannot survive if their water content decreases below 12%; hence the homeostasis of water is an important mechanism. Water has many important functions in our body. Water acts as a transport medium in blood and secretion e.g. in digestive juices, tears. Water is a good lubricant and acts to reduce friction when combined with particular proteins e.g. mucus to aid external movement. Many chemical reactions take place in an aqueous medium (Jones M.et al.2000) The kidneys are highly specialised organs of the body and play an important role in homeostasis. Fig 1a shows the location of the kidney in the human body.The kidney maintains homeostasis by regulating water balance, waste removal and blood composition and pressure. The kidneys dispose of waste by-products of metabolism and hence prevent the build up of toxic products in the body and to regulate the chemical components of the bodys fluids by responding to any imbalances of body fluids. These functions are fulfilled by a process of filtration of blood, which mainly includes the movement of solutes between the internal fluid and external environment. The movement of solutes is normally through a transport epithelium, in the case of the kidney it is in the form of a tubular channel; this tubular channel gives the kidney a large surface area. As Fig 1b shows blood enters each kidney via the renal artery and leaves via the renal vein. The kidneys weigh less than 1% of the human body, they receive approximately 2 % of blood pumped with each heartbeat. Urine exits the kidney through a duct called the ureter. The ureters of both kidneys drain into a common urinary bladder. Urine leaves the body from the urinary bladder to the urethra which empties near the vagina in females or through the penis in males. (Campbell N. A. et al. 1999, Michael F. et al. 2001) At one end the nephron forms a cup-shaped structure called glomerulus. From the glomerulus a tube runs towards the centre of the kidney first forming a twisted region called the proximal convoluted tubule and then a long hair-pin loop in the medulla, it runs back upwards into the cortex where it forms another twisted region called the distal convoluted tubule, this then joins a collecting duct which leads down the medulla and into the renal pelvis The functional unit of the kidney is a nephron. Microscopic sections of the kidney show that the kidney is made up of thousands of nephrons. Fig1b shows the location of a nephron and Fig2 shows the detailed structure of a nephron. Each renal capsule is supplied with blood by the afferent arteriole a branch of the renal artery this splits into many capillaries in the capsule which then rejoin to form the afferent arteriole. The nephrons structure is closely related to its function of regulating solutes Osmoregulation is maintaining constant levels of water in the body. Cells cannot survive a huge deviation from its osmolality. Hence, cells have a continuous movement of water across their plasma membranes. A net gain of water will cause the cell to swell up and burst, while a net loss of water will cause the cell to shrivel up and die. Water is transported by osmosis around the body. Osmoregulation is accomplished by creating an osmotic gradient; this requires lots of energy and is done by maintaining solute concentrations in the body fluids. The osmolality of the body is fixed at a mean of 290 ±5 mosmos/g. The kidney is able to maintain a constant osmolality as its able to adjust the rate of water excretion over a wide range. The volume of the extra-cellular fluid is mainly determined by the concentration of sodium ions, hence slight adjustments to the renal excretion rate have a major impact on the extracellular fluid volume. Changes in tubular sodium transport is accompanied by parallel movements of water, this results in no net change in body fluid osmolality  (Campbell N. A. et al. 1999, Frederic H.M. 2006, Michael F. et al. 2001) The loop of Henle creates a longitudinal osmotic gradient across the medulla; this aids the reabsorption of water and other important solutes. Ascending and descending limb are parallel and adjacent to each other with a layer of tissue fluid in between. Fluid enters from the proximal convoluted tubules flows down the descending limb and then up the ascending limb. This is known as a counter-current flow. Thewalls of the descending limb are permeable to water, while the walls of the ascending limb are impermeable to water. The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is made up of a thick walled tubule which is impermeable to the outward movement of water but not salt. The red arrows on fig3 show the movement of water amd solutes along the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. Also, the walls of the ascending limb contain pumps to remove sodium chloride from the lumen and add it to the surrounding interstitial fluid. Hence sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascen ding limb. This is the site of reabsorption in the kidney, here fluid from theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦enters and the kidney reabsorbs all the useful solutes and water. The permeability of the loop and the collecting duct depends on the osmolality of the blood and is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus A high concentration of salt builds up in the medullary tissue, this together with urea retention by these tissues, helps build up a high osmotic pressure in the medullary tissue. This creates a gradient of 200 mosm/g across the tubular wall at any point and causes a loss of water from the descending limb. The loss of water concentrates sodium and chloride ions in the descending limb. Salt concentration in the medullary tissue is highest at the apex of the loop, the tissue in the deeper layers of the medulla contain a very concentrated solution of sodium ions, chloride ions and urea. The fluid leaving the ascending limb is hypo-osmolar as compared to the fluid that enters and has a osmolality of approximately 100 mosm/g .Sodium and chloride ions diffuse out in the lower part of the ascending limb. Fluid passes down the collecting duct through the medullary tissue of increasing salt concentration, water can pass out of it by osmosis. The reabsorbed water is carried away by blood capil laries  (Campbell N. A. et al. 1999, Frederic H.M. 2006, Michael F. et al. 2001) Control of water regulation Osmoregulation by the kidney involves a negative feedback mechanism. The osmoreceptors are in the hypothalamus and the effectors are the pituitary gland and the walls of the distal convoluted tubules. Osmoreceptors detect alterations of water levels and send impulses to the pituitary gland which then increase or decrease the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In the case of a low osmolality,when the nerve cells are stimulated by osmoreceptors action potentials travel down them, this causes ADH to be released from their endings into the blood capillaries in the posterior pituitary gland from here it is distributed throughout the body. ADH acts on the plasma membranes of the cells of the collecting ducts. ADH is picked up by a receptor on the plasma membrane which then activates an enzyme. This causes vesicles with water permeable channels to fuse with the plasma membrane hence ADH makes the membrane more permeable to water than usual. Hence more water will be reabsorbed by the collecting duct and more concentrated urine will be produced. On the other hand, when the blood water content rises the osmoreceptors are no longer stimulated and hence do not lead to the secretion of ADH. Hence, ADH secretion slows down and the collecting duct cells become less permeable to water, so less water is reabsorbed and more diluted urine is produced  (Campbell N. A. et al. 1999, Frederic H.M. 2006, Michael F. et al. 2001) In conclusion, the regulation of water is essential for the survival of human beings and is carried out by the kidneys and monitored by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and controlled by the pituitary gland. Each of these plays an equally important role in the regulation of water and without any one of them the body will not be able to function in a normal manner. [Words: 1328]

Management Essay -- essays research papers

In order to perform the functions of management and to assume multiple roles, managers must be skilled. Robert Katz identified three managerial skills that are essential to successful management: technical, human, and conceptual*. Technical skill involves process or technique knowledge and proficiency. Managers use the processes, techniques and tools of a specific area. Human skill involves the ability to interact effectively with people. Managers interact and cooperate with employees. Conceptual skill involves the formulation of ideas. Managers understand abstract relationships, develop ideas, and solve problems creatively. Thus, technical skill deals with things, human skill concerns people, and conceptual skill has to do with ideas. A manager's level in the organization determines the relative importance of possessing technical, human, and conceptual skills. Top level managers need conceptual skills in order to view the organization as a whole. Conceptual skills are used in planning and dealing with ideas and abstractions. Supervisors need technical skills to manage their area of specialty. All levels of management need human skills in order to interact and communicate with other people successfully As the pace of change accelerates and diverse technologies converge, new global industries are being created (for example, telecommunications). Technological change alters the fundamental structure of firms and calls for new organizational approaches and management skills. O... Management Essay -- essays research papers In order to perform the functions of management and to assume multiple roles, managers must be skilled. Robert Katz identified three managerial skills that are essential to successful management: technical, human, and conceptual*. Technical skill involves process or technique knowledge and proficiency. Managers use the processes, techniques and tools of a specific area. Human skill involves the ability to interact effectively with people. Managers interact and cooperate with employees. Conceptual skill involves the formulation of ideas. Managers understand abstract relationships, develop ideas, and solve problems creatively. Thus, technical skill deals with things, human skill concerns people, and conceptual skill has to do with ideas. A manager's level in the organization determines the relative importance of possessing technical, human, and conceptual skills. Top level managers need conceptual skills in order to view the organization as a whole. Conceptual skills are used in planning and dealing with ideas and abstractions. Supervisors need technical skills to manage their area of specialty. All levels of management need human skills in order to interact and communicate with other people successfully As the pace of change accelerates and diverse technologies converge, new global industries are being created (for example, telecommunications). Technological change alters the fundamental structure of firms and calls for new organizational approaches and management skills. O...

Business Plan - Nursery ::

I have selected a nursery because there is high demand in the UK as well that there is a reasonable amount of profit SUMMARY PEOPLE I intend to employ on 3 to 4 employees along with my self and cater for approximately 12-20 kids once the business has established itself then I may decide to expand and cater for more children. THE PRODUCT I have selected a nursery because there is high demand in the UK as well that there is a reasonable amount of profit, which can be made if the business is planned out correctly. One of the main reasons why demand is so high is that more women then ever before are going to work, and therefore day nurseries provide a suitable environment for their children to be looked after in. THE MARKET ---------- One of the main reasons why demand is so high is that more women then ever before are going to work, and therefore day nurseries provide a suitable environment for their children to be looked after in. PRODUCTION Since my business is basically a service that is a day nursery hence there is no production involved it is the services, which I provide to my customers. I offer milk to the kids, if any of the kid needs milk I will be offering them, then there will be a rest room in which those kids who are tired can sleep in that room, the third service which I offer is playing, I will be having a room in which all the toys will be there all the kids can play there, my childminders will play with them, and the fourth service is giving the kids basic education. EXPECTED PROFIT For my business to be successful it is very important that it should make profit , so at the end of one year I will be making a profit of  £2454 which shows that my business is going to do well, its just the starting as and when my nursery becomes popular among the people I thing it will be doing well and making more profit. FINANCE NEEDED As mentioned in financial and production plan I will be looking to obtain a loan of  £5000 from the bank. If the bank rejects my application, then I will consider getting a sleeping partner so that I can apply again for lower amount. I could also find a partner and then half the investment. This is because currently I have personal savings of  £3500 and could use  £2500 of this to open my business with my partner. When discussing the plan with my father, he agreed to help

Statistical and managerial techniques for six sigma methodology theory and application Essay

Quality improvement (QI) comprises of continuous and systematic actions that result to measurable improvement in the health care as well as the health status of patients groups that are targeted. According to the institute of Medicine’s, which is a recognized advisor and leader on the nation’s health care improvement, health care quality comprises of a direct correlation between the desired health outcomes and the level of improved health services of populations and individuals (Shan 2008). The process of QI involves the application of a defined and a deliberate process of improvement. It involves ongoing and continuous efforts designed to achieve measurable improvements in the effectiveness, efficiency, accountability, outcomes, performance, and other indicators of quality in processes or services which improves the community health and achieves equity. Methodologies used in integrating QI strategies in the health care performance                Methodology describes theoretical analysis of the appropriate methods to a given field of study or to the body of principles and methods particular to a branch of knowledge (Barone 2012). On the other hand, a strategy refers to the science and art of marshaling and planning resources for an efficient and effective use (Menon 2010). Six Sigma                It involves monitoring, designing and improving process that eliminate or minimize waste while increasing financial stability and optimizing satisfaction. The performance of a process is applied in measuring improvement through comparing the process capability with the capability of baseline process after the potential solution piloting for quality improvement. It uses two primary methods. One method is responsible in inspecting process outcome and counts on the defects, calculates the rate per million of a defect, and applies a table of statistics in the conversion of defect rate per million in relation to a sigma metric. The second estimates the variation of the process to predict the performance through calculating a sigma metric from the observed variations of the process. It uses a five-phased process that is disciplined rigorous, referred to as DMAIC approach. It begins by identifying the project, reviewing the historical data, and lastly defining the s cope of the expectations. Next, the standards of continuous total quality performance are selected objectives of the performance are defined, and definition of sources of variability. Data are collected for assessment of how well the process was improved by changes as a new project is implemented. Customer inspired quality methodology                It concentrates on the process as well as the results of an organization. This methodology needs the service to be thorough as it focuses on the customers’ perspective. It identifies customer measures, reviewing and improving processes and getting the feedback of customers. This methodology enables the organization to realize the customer needs and works towards integrating them to the customer services. The methodology becomes continuous as the patients’ needs change with time. The organization sets down procedures which act as a reference to the organization. This calls for regular training of the staffs so as to enhance better services delivery to the customers. Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA)                Studies and projects based on QI aimed at bringing positive changes in the processes of delivering health care services can apply PDSA for favorable outcomes. This method has been widely used by healthcare institute for rapid cycle improvement. The model has a unique feature that is the cyclical nature of assessing and impacting change. It is most accomplished effectively through frequent and small PDSAs instead of using slow and big ones before wide changes are made in the system. The aim of PDSA efforts in quality improvement is to establish a casual or functional relationship between outcomes and changes in processes specifically capabilities and behaviors (Provost 2011). Three questions are proposed before applying the PDSA cycles: what is the aim of the project? How will it be revealed that the set aims were achieved? What is going to be done to achieve the aim? The cycle starts by with determining the scope and the nature of the problem, what is to be measured in order to understand the effect of change, and where the strategy is to be targeted. A change is implemented, and information and data are collected. Results from the study are interpreted and assessed through reviewing several key measurements showing failure or success. Lastly a change on QI is implemented based on the results obtained. Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS)                It occupies a significant part in the field of management technologies of clinical knowledge through their capacity to support the use of knowledge and the clinical process, from investigation and diagnosis through treatment and long-term care. These support systems are â€Å"systems of active knowledge using two or more patient data items for the generation of case-specific advice (Danniels 2010). CDSS is designed typically to integrate a medically based knowledge, an inference engine and patient data for case specific advice generation. IT applications                For health care providers to meet the increasing quality demands of their patients, they are required to focus on innovation technology. Examples of IT that can be applied include object oriented technologies, use of specific components of IT, and the computerized system records (Qi 2013). Object oriented technology ensures all different systems in the organization are connected to a unified system of management. Patient’s records are computerized to prevent damage or loss. For specific IT components, it ensures easier monitoring of quality performance in the organization. IT applications in improving performanceObject oriented technology                Links the components of quality management system to the entire management system of the enterprise, it is obtained through connection of these components via interface of a standard framework. It ensures that medical records are not lost, and there is faster delivery of services. Computerized system of patient records                It has great effects on the profitability of the organization. It minimizes time and labor that is used during data entry. The stored data is easily propagated once it has been keyed into the system (Clancy 2003). Specific IT components                It helps in sufficing the demands of the diversified population of patients. It ensures consistency in the organizations operations. It enables the organization to achieve the safety of patients and have fast service delivery. Nurses and other health workers learn fast on how to use such systems as they are specific. Use of milestones and benchmarks in quality indicators management                In quality improvement, quality indicators are used as a guide to the performance evaluation in an organization. Walshe et al (2001) stated that performance should be continually evaluated and at the end of the organizational projects. Benchmarks are operations and programs that are set out in order assess the organizational performance (Catalano 2008). This is achieved through running some trial tests and standards. It ensures a review of information technology performance of an organization. Milestones mark the end of a stage or a project. Performance is continually monitored, improved and evaluated through this process. Potential benchmarks                For the plan of QI, future event, benchmarks system level and application benchmarks will be applied. Benchmarks help the organization in achieving the set goals. The benchmarks system level is meant in evaluating how computer programs and applications are performing in overall. According to Obadiah & Boudriga (2009), use of information technology improves the organizational computer programs and systems. The application of benchmarks applies actual application programs. In the delivery of health care services, the aim is ensuring that each patient gets quality health services. The vision, mission and strategic plan of the health organization are to give satisfactory services to patients. The organization also plans to be the leading store and drug suppliers. Improvement of performance is in line with the organizational plans as they facilitate achievement of patients’ satisfaction and quality improvement. This results to increased sales, competitivene ss and revenue (Walshe et al 2001). Conclusion                Performance and quality improvement are very essential in an organization. It is achieved through the use of improved information technology system, and methodologies of performance improvement. Improvement of performance being a continuous process leads to increase in the organizational profit and customer loyalty. References Barone, S., & Franco, E. L. (2012). Statistical and managerial techniques for six sigma methodology theory and application. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Chiarini, A. (2013). Lean organization from the tools of the Toyota Production System to lean office. Milan: Springer. Daniels, R., Grendell, R. N., & Wilkins, F. R. (2010). Nursing fundamentals: caring & clinical decision making. (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. Dou, R. (2013). Proceedings of 2012 3rd International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2012). Berlin: Springer. Harrington, H. J. (2013). Performance acceleration management (PAM): rapid improvement to your key performance drivers. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Menon, R., & Kumar, R. (2010). The long view from Delhi: to define the Indian grand strategy for foreign policy. New Delhi: Academic Foundation in association with Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. Provost, L. P., & Murray, S. K. (2011). The health care data guide learning from data for improvement. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Qi, E. (2013). The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management: engineering management. Berlin: Springer. Source document

Nursing and Patient

Nursing is a profession in which professionalism and high moral character go hand in hand. Nurses have access to very important information and care for patients during critical times in their lives. Because of the nature of work that a nurse does, they must always maintain professionalism to ensure that their patients have the upmost trust in them. A. Functional Differences In order to become a registered nurse, one must pass nursing school and then go on to pass a test given by their state regulatory agency, such as the board of nursing (BON). The state board of nursing has many different duties.One of the many duties of a BON is to grant and renew nursing licenses. The BON can also take disciplinary review of nurses. It will review a complaint against a nurse’s actions and then decide whether they should suspend, restrict or revoke a nurse’s license (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 78). A professional nursing organization (PNO), like the emergency nurse association (ENA), i s a private organization to which a nurse is a member. A private nurse’s organization may lobby legislature for the interest of the association’s members and to better the nursing profession as whole.A PNO may also hold seminars to further educate the members and to keep their practices the most up to date. For example, the ENA usually holds a yearly seminar where many topics are covered throughout the week in regards to emergency nursing. Overall a PNO provides a united front for specific areas of nursing or for nursing as a whole. A PNO represents the members and a regulatory agency, such as the BON, represents the people for who the nurses will be taking care of. B. Nursing Code Examples The nursing code of ethics plays a huge role in the way nurses care for patients.Nurses should always treat patients with the respect they deserve. For most people, being in the hospital is a very stressful and foreign event. It can lead to the patient not always being their normal, happy self. Even when the patient was upset and not exactly in the best mood, I would respect the patient and do whatever I could to ensure that I have helped the patient. I have found that if you give a patient the respect they deserve, that no matter what, they always tend to be thankful and appreciative for your help. Being respectful facilitates a trustingrelationship between nurse and patient. Another part of the nursing code of ethics that I apply to my nursing practice is to always advocate for the patient. For example, there are times when doctors will put in orders that I may question or not completely understand. Instead of just doing what the doctor orders in those circumstances, I question the doctor and make them explain the order so I understand it. If I do not agree with the order, I would tell the doctor and work it out with them. The needs and safety of patients should always be the number one priority. C.Professional Traits Working with an interdisciplinary team a llows everyone to bring their own traits and beliefs to help ensure the best care for the patient. I would bring many great traits to an interdisciplinary team. The first would be the acceptance of accountability and responsibility. When working with an interdisciplinary team, I would always accept responsibility for the patient and would hold myself accountable for the care that the patient receives. I may be following the orders of another member of the team, but in the end, it is me that is responsible for my own actions.That is a very important concept to remember when working as part of a team. I would also ensure the patients privacy is always respected. When working with a group, there is always an increased risk of the patient’s privacy being violated. I would do everything in my power to ensure that the patient’s privacy is always respected. I would ensure only essential team members have access to the patient’s information and would make sure the envir onment is conducive to protecting privacy. I would also respect the patient’s right to self-determination.While working with an interdisciplinary team, it can be easy for some members of the team to forget that the patient is ultimately the one in control. My job is to always encourage the patient to do what they feel is best for themselves and to respect their wishes. A person may decide that they do not want a particular treatment that is part of the plan and it is my job to protect their right to say no to that treatment. I would also work on advancing my nursing profession through knowledge development, dissemination, and application to practice.Nursing is a profession that is always changed and evolving. New research for things like better standards of care and new procedures are always coming out. As part of a team, I should always be the most up to date on my education. Being informed and continuing my education allows me to be a better team member and it also allows t he patient to have the best care. D. Nursing Theories Nursing theories have a definite impact on the day-to-day practices of nurses. Dorothea Orem’s theory of self-care deficit model is something that all nurses do without even realizing it.In Dorothea Orem’s model, she states that when a patient renders an insult, there is a self-care deficit, which makes nursing interventions necessary (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 98). When a patient comes into the ER with a newly diagnosed illness, they are often unsure of what to do, or how to proceed from there. Without even thinking about doing it, nurses automatically help patients overcome these new obstacles in life. For example, a patient that has had a recent hip replacement must learn how to care for their new hip.A nurse caring for this patient will help that patient understand their new limited mobility and how to return to their pre hospital lifestyle the best they can. Another great example of this model is a diabetic pati ent. In order to live a normal life with diabetes, a patient must be instructed how to take their diabetic medication, what kind of diet to eat, and the signs and symptoms of high or low blood sugar. Without the nurse’s help and specific interventions for the patient, the patient may not be able to return to their normal level of functioning.A nurses goal for a patient is to always return them to their previous level of functioning and if that isn’t able to happen, to get them to their optimum level of self-functioning (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 98). Nursing interventions and helping patients recover from illness is what nursing is all about. Orem’s nursing theory model is the model that many nurses strive to achieve during their nursing careers. E. Historical Figure The nursing profession as we know it today would not be here if not for the actions and contributions of Florence Nightingale.Florence Nightingale established infection control and a way of maintaini ng patients records (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 10). By far the most important aspect of nursing that Florence Nightingale contributed to is infection control. Infection control was unheard of before Florence Nightingale. Her help during the Crimean War helped establish aseptic techniques for nursing and stressed the importance of infection control in helping patients to heal, instead of dying from their illnesses. Even today infection control is a corner stone of nursing practices.The first thing nurses learn in nursing school is proper hand washing techniques and how to avoid spreading germs to patients. Florence Nightingale’s contributions to the nursing made nursing the profession it is today. F. Scenario Patient advocacy is one of the most important jobs a nurse is entrusted to do. A perfect example of being a patient advocate happened to me when I was helping a patient protect his autonomy. I was caring for an elderly gentleman who had terminal cancer and came into the ER short of breath.The patient was really working to breath and the doctors and family wanted to intubate the patient to help him. The patient was alert and orientated and kept stating that he did not want to be intubated or to have any resuscitation efforts. I respected the patient’s wishes and informed the doctor that we would not be intubating this patient due to his wishes. The doctor was reluctant but finally agreed and together we explained this to the family. The patient was able to have wishes respected and wasn’t pushed into something he wanted.Beneficence is something that is at the heart of nursing. Nurses do this all the time without even giving it a second thought. The first scenario that comes to my mind when I think of beneficence is when I had a child come into the ER with a broken leg. Without even hesitating, I knew the first thing I needed to do for this child was to manage his pain. I went out of my way to find a doctor for a medication order and was immediately on the phone with pharmacy so I would be able to pull the medication out of the omnicell without any lag time.I was able to get his pain managed in about 7 minutes after he was wheeled into my ER room. The family and the patient were very thankful for everything that I did for them. Conclusion Professionalism and nursing are interrelated. Without professionalism, patients wouldn’t be able to respect and trust their nurse, making establishing a relationship impossible. When a nurse and patient are able to establish a relationship based on professionalism and trust, anything is possible when it comes to the care and overall well-being of the patient. Nursing and Patient Nursing is a profession in which professionalism and high moral character go hand in hand. Nurses have access to very important information and care for patients during critical times in their lives. Because of the nature of work that a nurse does, they must always maintain professionalism to ensure that their patients have the upmost trust in them. A. Functional Differences In order to become a registered nurse, one must pass nursing school and then go on to pass a test given by their state regulatory agency, such as the board of nursing (BON). The state board of nursing has many different duties.One of the many duties of a BON is to grant and renew nursing licenses. The BON can also take disciplinary review of nurses. It will review a complaint against a nurse’s actions and then decide whether they should suspend, restrict or revoke a nurse’s license (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 78). A professional nursing organization (PNO), like the emergency nurse association (ENA), i s a private organization to which a nurse is a member. A private nurse’s organization may lobby legislature for the interest of the association’s members and to better the nursing profession as whole.A PNO may also hold seminars to further educate the members and to keep their practices the most up to date. For example, the ENA usually holds a yearly seminar where many topics are covered throughout the week in regards to emergency nursing. Overall a PNO provides a united front for specific areas of nursing or for nursing as a whole. A PNO represents the members and a regulatory agency, such as the BON, represents the people for who the nurses will be taking care of. B. Nursing Code Examples The nursing code of ethics plays a huge role in the way nurses care for patients.Nurses should always treat patients with the respect they deserve. For most people, being in the hospital is a very stressful and foreign event. It can lead to the patient not always being their normal, happy self. Even when the patient was upset and not exactly in the best mood, I would respect the patient and do whatever I could to ensure that I have helped the patient. I have found that if you give a patient the respect they deserve, that no matter what, they always tend to be thankful and appreciative for your help. Being respectful facilitates a trusting  relationship between nurse and patient.Another part of the nursing code of ethics that I apply to my nursing practice is to always advocate for the patient. For example, there are times when doctors will put in orders that I may question or not completely understand. Instead of just doing what the doctor orders in those circumstances, I question the doctor and make them explain the order so I understand it. If I do not agree with the order, I would tell the doctor and work it out with them. The needs and safety of patients should always be the number one priority. C.Professional Traits Working with an interdisciplinary tea m allows everyone to bring their own traits and beliefs to help ensure the best care for the patient. I would bring many great traits to an interdisciplinary team. The first would be the acceptance of accountability and responsibility. When working with an interdisciplinary team, I would always accept responsibility for the patient and would hold myself accountable for the care that the patient receives. I may be following the orders of another member of the team, but in the end, it is me that is responsible for my own actions.That is a very important concept to remember when working as part of a team. I would also ensure the patients privacy is always respected. When working with a group, there is always an increased risk of the patient’s privacy being violated. I would do everything in my power to ensure that the patient’s privacy is always respected. I would ensure only essential team members have access to the patient’s information and would make sure the en vironment is conducive to protecting privacy. I would also respect the patient’s right to self-determination.While working with an interdisciplinary team, it can be easy for some members of the team to forget that the patient is ultimately the one in control. My job is to always encourage the patient to do what they feel is best for themselves and to respect their wishes. A person may decide that they do not want a particular treatment that is part of the plan and it is my job to protect their right to say no to that treatment. I would also work on advancing my nursing profession through knowledge development, dissemination, and application to practice.Nursing is a profession that is always changed and evolving. New research for things like better standards of care and new procedures are always coming out. As part of a team, I should always be the most up to date on my education. Being informed and continuing my education allows me to be a better team member and it also allow s the patient to have the best care. D. Nursing Theories Nursing theories have a definite impact on the day-to-day practices of nurses. Dorothea Orem’s theory of self-care deficit model is something that all nurses do without even realizing it.In Dorothea Orem’s model, she states that when a patient renders an insult, there is a self-care deficit, which makes nursing interventions necessary (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 98). When a patient comes into the ER with a newly diagnosed illness, they are often unsure of what to do, or how to proceed from there. Without even thinking about doing it, nurses automatically help patients overcome these new obstacles in life. For example, a patient that has had a recent hip replacement must learn how to care for their new hip.A nurse caring for this patient will help that patient understand their new limited mobility and how to return to their pre hospital lifestyle the best they can. Another great example of this model is a diabetic p atient. In order to live a normal life with diabetes, a patient must be instructed how to take their diabetic medication, what kind of diet to eat, and the signs and symptoms of high or low blood sugar. Without the nurse’s help and specific interventions for the patient, the patient may not be able to return to their normal level of functioning.A nurses goal for a patient is to always return them to their previous level of functioning and if that isn’t able to happen, to get them to their optimum level of self-functioning (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 98). Nursing interventions and helping patients recover from illness is what nursing is all about. Orem’s nursing theory model is the model that many nurses strive to achieve during their nursing careers. E. Historical Figure The nursing profession as we know it today would not be here if not for the actions and contributions of Florence Nightingale.Florence Nightingale established infection control and a way of mainta ining patients records (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 10). By far the most important aspect of nursing that Florence Nightingale contributed to is infection control. Infection control was unheard of before Florence Nightingale. Her help during the Crimean War helped establish aseptic techniques for nursing and stressed the importance of infection control in helping patients to heal, instead of dying from their illnesses. Even today infection control is a corner stone of nursing practices.The first thing nurses learn in nursing school is proper hand washing techniques and how to avoid spreading germs to patients. Florence Nightingale’s contributions to the nursing made nursing the profession it is today. F. Scenario Patient advocacy is one of the most important jobs a nurse is entrusted to do. A perfect example of being a patient advocate happened to me when I was helping a patient protect his autonomy. I was caring for an elderly gentleman who had terminal cancer and came into the ER short of breath.The patient was really working to breath and the doctors and family wanted to intubate the patient to help him. The patient was alert and orientated and kept stating that he did not want to be intubated or to have any resuscitation efforts. I respected the patient’s wishes and informed the doctor that we would not be intubating this patient due to his wishes. The doctor was reluctant but finally agreed and together we explained this to the family. The patient was able to have wishes respected and wasn’t pushed into something he wanted.Beneficence is something that is at the heart of nursing. Nurses do this all the time without even giving it a second thought. The first scenario that comes to my mind when I think of beneficence is when I had a child come into the ER with a broken leg. Without even hesitating, I knew the first thing I needed to do for this child was to manage his pain. I went out of my way to find a doctor for a medication order and w as immediately on the phone with pharmacy so I would be able to pull the medication out of the omnicell without any lag time.I was able to get his pain managed in about 7 minutes after he was wheeled into my ER room. The family and the patient were very thankful for everything that I did for them. Conclusion Professionalism and nursing are interrelated. Without professionalism, patients wouldn’t be able to respect and trust their nurse, making establishing a relationship impossible. When a nurse and patient are able to establish a relationship based on professionalism and trust, anything is possible when it comes to the care and overall well-being of the patient.